Item 1. Business

Our Company

Leidos Holdings, Inc. ("Leidos"), a Delaware corporation, is a holding company whose direct 100%-owned subsidiary and principal operating company is Leidos, Inc. Leidos was founded in 1969 by physicist Dr. Robert Beyster. Since our founding 55 years ago, we have applied our expertise in science, research and engineering in rapidly-evolving technologies and markets to solve complex problems of global concern.

We use the terms "we," "us" and "our" to refer collectively to Leidos Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Leidos, recognized as a member of the Fortune 500®, is a dynamic innovation company that is at the forefront of addressing the world’s most challenging issues in national security and health sectors. With a global workforce of approximately 47,000, Leidos is committed to developing smarter technology solutions, particularly for customers in highly regulated industries. We bring domain-specific capabilities and innovations to customers in each of these markets by leveraging five technical core capabilities: digital modernization, cyber operations, mission software systems, integrated systems and mission operations. Applying our technically-advanced solutions to help solve our customers' most difficult problems has enabled us to build strong relationships with key customers. Our customers include the U.S. Department of Defense ("DoD"), the U.S. Intelligence Community, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security ("DHS"), the Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA"), the Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA"), National Aeronautics and Space Administration ("NASA") and many other U.S. civilian, state and local government agencies, foreign government agencies and commercial businesses. With a focus on delivering mission-critical solutions, Leidos generated 87% of revenues for the fiscal year ended December 29, 2023, ("fiscal 2023") from U.S. government contracts, either as a prime contractor or a subcontractor to other contractors engaged in work for the U.S. government.

By leveraging expertise in multiple disciplines, tailoring our services and solutions to the particular needs of our targeted markets and using advanced analytics, we work to securely deliver services and solutions that not only meet customers' current goals, but also support their future missions.

For additional discussion and analysis related to recent business developments, see "Business Environment and Trends" in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our Business Segments

At December 29, 2023, our business has been aligned into three reportable segments (Defense Solutions, Civil and Health). Additionally, we separately present the unallocable costs associated with corporate functions as Corporate. Our operations and reportable segments are organized around the customers and markets we serve. We provide a wide array of scientific, engineering and technical services and solutions across these reportable segments. Approximately 9% of our revenues are generated by entities located outside of the United States.

Defense Solutions

Defense Solutions has provided leading-edge and technologically advanced services, solutions and products to a broad customer base. Our ever-changing technologies and innovations cover a wide spectrum of markets with primary areas of concentration in digital modernization, mission systems and integration, Command, Control, Computers, Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance ("C4ISR") technologies and services, maritime solutions, transformative software, analytics, intelligence analysis, mission support and logistics services, weapons systems and space systems and solutions. We are dedicated to delivering cost-effective solutions backed by innovation-generating research and development to meet the evolving missions of our customers. We provide a diverse portfolio of national security solutions and systems for air, land, sea, space and cyberspace for the U.S. Intelligence Community, the DoD, the Space Development Agency, NASA, Defense Information Systems Agency ("DISA"), military services, government agencies of U.S. allies abroad and other federal and commercial customers in the national security industry. We are heavily engaged in the top defense Research Development Test and Evaluation priorities that are driven by critical evolving threat-driven needs. Our solutions deliver innovative technology, large-scale systems, command and control platforms, data analytics, logistics and cybersecurity solutions, as well as intelligence analysis and operations support to critical missions around the world. Defense Solutions represented 56% of total revenues for fiscal 2023, 57% of total revenues for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2022 ("fiscal 2022") and 58% of total revenues for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 ("fiscal 2021").

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• Digital Modernization – As an industry leader in cyber and enterprise IT, we provide extensive worldwide digital support for our nation's largest and most critical infrastructure. We design, develop, implement and maintain IT environments to provide stability and flexibility to mission needs. Our capabilities support offerings including cybersecurity, data analytics, and operations and logistics. Our cybersecurity solutions help detect and manage the most sophisticated cyber threats.

• C4ISR Technologies and Services – We offer a wide range of technologies and services in multiple domains that address the nation's most critical threats and deliver solutions to the U.S. Intelligence Community, DoD and military services. Our market concentration is on airborne and ground intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance ("ISR"), maritime systems, electronic warfare systems, distributed sensor systems, autonomous systems, sensors, Command and Control ("C2"), Joint All-Domain Command and Control ("JADC2") and Multi-Domain Operations. We provide multi-spectral, airborne, ground, maritime and space-based ISR collection, algorithm development and processing systems, advanced sensor design, C2 solutions and training systems. We also provide laser and radio frequency-based communications systems for airborne, ground, naval and space platforms. We link our high-end solutions to other key services demanded by our customers. In the air, we support a fleet of government and Leidos-owned fixed wing, rotary wing and unmanned aircraft. We apply an open architecture approach to digitally connect the joint force across air, land, sea, cyber and space domains in support of the DoD’s JADC2 imperative and support through innovative solutions, essential services and enriched data management tools facilitating critical decision making.

• Maritime Solutions– On and under the sea, we offer a wide range of capabilities. We continue to enhance our surface and subsurface autonomous and unmanned technologies to help make maritime operations safer and more efficient for government and industry by providing leading sensor systems, signal processing, communications hardware and software to support these vital missions. In space we provide sensor, algorithm development and integrated payload capabilities to identify and track threats and cue defensive systems. We have developed and delivered full integrated small satellite systems. We are a market leader in submarine collection technologies and anti-submarine warfare system installation and maintenance and are expanding our capabilities in these areas to meet market demand for this growing threat. We also provide prototyping and research and development support services to a wide variety of DoD customers from concept analysis to classified manufacturing. Our Gibbs & Cox subsidiary is one of the largest independent naval architecture and marine engineering firm by headcount in the United States.Our naval architecture services span the entire ship’s lifetime, from early-stage concept designs through detailed design, shipyard construction support, full lifecycle and sustainment support, ship alterations, service life extensions, and disposal.Our Marine Engineering involves a wide range of activities, beginning with concept and feasibility design and continues through detailed design, construction support, life-cycle support and into ship-alt design for service-life extensions.

• Transformative Software, Analytics – We offer extensive software development capabilities for C2, intelligence and information systems and deliver mission and enterprise-level solutions to the U.S. and allied defense and intelligence organizations. This includes encryption key management, the use of artificial intelligence to automate and streamline processes and the development of software to manage some of the worlds toughest data problems. We offer innovative data analytics capabilities, and we design, develop, integrate, deploy and support information-centric software and enterprise IT systems for complex, data-driven national security challenges for the intelligence community, homeland security and defense customers. Our capabilities are enhanced by our advanced software factories, providing the brainpower to deliver the optimum software solutions for our customer base. Across the U.S. Army we perform complex software development projects, develop training simulators for Army vehicles, maintain and conduct soldier training for field C2 equipment, and we are installing our cloud-based Army base access control system throughout the U.S.

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• Intelligence Analysis, Mission Support and Logistics Services –We deliver high-end services to the U.S. Intelligence Community, DoD and allied governments. Operating throughout the world we provide intelligence analysis, operational support, logistics operations, security, linguistics and training. In addition, we deliver tailored IT services and solutions to our customers across the globe. We offer product support and lifecycle sustainment services to our U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force customers, including planning and managing the cost and performance across the product’s lifecycle. We offer reverse engineering, classified manufacturing and design, and threat exploitation services to a wide breadth of U.S. Intelligence Community customers.

• Weapons Systems – We offer tactical weapons components and systems for surface-launched missiles, cruise missiles, air-to-air, air-to-ground and anti-ship missiles and guided munitions and rockets across the DoD. We also deliver offensive boost-glide, launcher and air-breathing systems, thermal protection systems and hypersonic defense systems.We have capabilities in integrated force protection in both directed energy (such as high-energy lasers and microwave systems) and area defense (such as counter-unmanned aviation systems, radar systems, sensors and kinetic weapon launchers). In addition, we provide cyber-physical systems in the development of offensive and defensive cyber command and control, toolkits and exploits, as well as offensive cyber operations. We also support autonomous systems in the areas of unmanned aerial systems, surface ships, undersea vehicles and ground vehicles as well as autonomy software and hardware for autonomous vehicles and platforms. Our unique autonomy algorithms provide decision support for the heavily-burdened warfighter and support coordinated man-autonomous machine operations.

• Space Systems and Solutions – We provide integrated design, manufacturing, integration of human-rated and exploration spacecraft for NASA and commercial customers. We have the capability to design and manufacture space systems and key launch vehicle subsystems such as avionics/mission computing, guidance, navigation and control, boosters and structures. We provide expertise in the design, manufacturing, and integration of satellite propulsion, structures, and space-based EO/IR, multi/hyperspectral, EW/SIGINT and communications payloads.

Civil

Our Civil business has been focused on modernizing infrastructure, systems and security for government and commercial customers both domestically and internationally. By applying leading science, innovative technologies and business acumen, our talented employees help customers achieve their missions and take on the connected world with data-driven insights, improved efficiencies and technological advantages in the areas of digital modernization, energy infrastructure, integrated missions, transportation applications and security detection. Civil represented 24% of total revenues for both fiscal 2023 and 2022, and 23% of total revenues for fiscal 2021.

• Transportation Solutions – Leidos is a trusted systems developer, service provider and integrator serving Air Navigation Service Providers around the world, including the FAA. We provide air traffic control systems that help manage the world's most complex airspace. We deliver many of the FAA's key automation systems and services, including the En Route Automation Modernization ("ERAM"), Advanced Technologies and Oceanic Procedures ("ATOP"), Time Based Flow Management, Terminal Flight Data Manager, Enterprise-Information Display System, Geo-7 and Future Flight Services. Leidos received 10+ year extensions to the ERAM and ATOP contracts for continued delivery of the evolving National Airspace System needs. In addition, under the Mode S Beacon Replacement Systems contract, Leidos is supporting the replacement of the FAA's Mode S Beacon Systems, which are secondary surveillance radar capable of providing surveillance and specific aircraft information necessary to support Air Traffic Control automation in all traffic environments. We also provide key air traffic control systems around the world, including New Zealand and South Korea.

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• Security Enterprise Solutions ("SES") – Leidos is an industry leader of fully-integrated security detection solutions, making security screening and checkpoints safer for aviation, ports and borders, and critical infrastructure customers around the world. With more than 24,000 products deployed across over 120 countries, the SES business has the most widespread global footprint within the Civil Group portfolio. We are a leader in aviation screening equipment, computed tomography carry-on baggage scanners, people scanners and explosive trace detectors, facilitating secure and efficient passenger movement in airports worldwide. We also have cutting-edge screening technologies for checked baggage and cargo. Leidos is the leading supplier of mobile non-intrusive inspection systems to U.S. Customs and Border Protection ("CBP"). For CBP, and other global customers, we help to safeguard the flow of travel and trade through solutions that effectively detect and mitigate threats across all trade elements, including cargo, vehicles and people. Leidos is also transforming security detection beyond aviation and ports of entry to help government agencies and the private sector secure public venues and critical infrastructures.

• Digital Transformation – We deliver secure, user-centric IT solutions in cloud computing, mobility, application modernization, DevOps, data center and network modernization, asset management, help desk operations and digital workplace enablement. We help our customers achieve their missions and business goals by delivering purpose-built solutions, cybersecurity as a standard, efficient project delivery and end-user satisfaction. We accelerate enterprise transformation using customizable roadmaps and repeatable processes, enabling customers to effectively use their resources and advance their objectives. Using our cyber expertise, we continually enhance our techniques and processes to build systems that operate resiliently in the face of evolving cyber threats. Leidos is modernizing enterprise IT in classified and unclassified environments, including programs with the FAA, NASA, Department of Justice, IRS, U.S. MINT, Department of Commerce, FTC, and HUD.

• Climate, Energy and Environment – We are trusted by government agencies and commercial customers with substantial environmental and sustainability driven-missions. Our reputation across climate science, environmental management and operations, nuclear security, power grid engineering, energy efficiency, infrastructure management, mission support and IT modernization provides the applicable expertise needed to transform operations while modernizing aging infrastructure and maintaining environmental stewardship. We support the critical missions of the Department of Energy ("DoE"), National Nuclear Security Administration, National Science Foundation, utilities, energy investors and developers, energy efficiency administrators and commercial industrial customers. At the DoE Hanford site, we provide site-wide infrastructure management and operation, including oversight of land and logistics, public works, information technology, fleet transportation, environmental sustainability, and compliance, first responder services and future project planning. At the National Energy Technology Laboratory, we actively conduct and support fundamental and applied research efforts, including providing product and logistical support comprising strategic business development, technology transfer and agreements and education and outreach support for the effective and efficient execution of research programs. In addition, we help investor-owned utilities and industrial customers modernize power delivery systems for improved reliability, implement energy management strategies, support vehicle electrification, transform digital infrastructure and gain operational efficiencies to meet evolving energy needs and climate change goals.

Health

Our Health business has been focused on delivering effective and affordable solutions to federal and commercial customers that are responsible for the health and well-being of people worldwide, including service members and veterans. Our solutions enable customers to deliver on the health mission of providing high-quality, cost-effective care, and are accomplished through the integration of information technology, engineering, life sciences, health services, clinical insights and health policy. The capabilities we provide predominantly fall in four major areas of activity: health information management services, managed health services, digital modernization and life sciences research and development. Health represented 20% of total revenues for fiscal 2023, and 19% of total revenues for both fiscal 2022 and 2021.

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• Health Information Management Services – Leidos employs holistic-systems thinking in fielding applied technology solutions across the entire continuum of healthcare. In our work delivering a single, common electronic health record to both DoD and VA hospitals and treatment facilities worldwide, our responsibilities range from integrating software for the electronic healthcare record vendor and dental record vendors to integrating picture archiving and communications software and more. We support cybersecurity across all integrated systems. We also provide enterprise IT solutions to the VA, National Institutes of Health ("NIH"), DoD and other federal health customers to help operate mission critical infrastructure reliably and at a reasonable cost.

• Managed Health Services – We deploy a national footprint of health clinics and health providers to support care delivery services, including medical disability and behavioral health examinations for the VA, as well as serving other independent medical exam markets. We have developed unique capabilities in behavioral health management through many decades of experience with a special emphasis on substance abuse services and non-medical counseling. We believe that these capabilities can be expanded into other clinical adjacencies. Our managed health services activities leverage our IT and mission enablement capabilities, which underpin solutions we offer to our customers across all of our served markets.

• Digital Modernization – We manage the entire lifecycle of the IT journey for our customers. Our expertise includes IT strategic planning, outsourcing and management of large-scale data centers, agile software development and system transformation, cloud migration and application modernization, digitization and big data management and advanced analytics. Our customers include the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Food and Drug Administration, Social Security Administration, VA, Defense Health Agency ("DHA") and commercial customers. Leidos helps transform our customers' technology environments in support of their most critical missions, accomplished in a highly secure manner by leveraging our cybersecurity domain expertise and our Leidos rapid application development software platform.

• Life Sciences Research & Development –We provide life science research and development support to the NIH, Center for Disease Control, Army Medical Research community and commercial biotech companies. Most notably, on behalf of the U.S. government and the public trust, we operate the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, where we employ thousands of scientists, technicians, administrators and support staff. Our professionals operate a wide range of leading-edge research and development laboratories in the areas of genetics and genomics, proteins and proteomics, advanced biomedical computing and information technology, biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing, nanotechnology characterization and clinical trials management.

From the biomedical sciences to implementing and optimizing electronic health records and enabling providers to perform care coordination and population health management, Leidos is pioneering the use of the depth and breadth of systems integration principles, processes and technologies to transform the health industry’s evolution towards better quality and more efficient and effective care.

Corporate

Corporate includes the operations of various corporate activities, certain expense items that are not reimbursed by our U.S. government customers and certain other expense items excluded from a reportable segment's performance.

Acquisitions and Divestitures

During fiscal 2022, we completed the acquisition of Cobham Aviation Services Australia’s Special Mission business. During fiscal 2021, we completed the acquisitions of Gibbs & Cox, 1901 Group, LLC, and an immaterial strategic business acquisition. See "Note 5—Acquisitions and Divestitures" in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

During fiscal 2023, we completed an immaterial disposition of a business within our Defense Solutions segment. During fiscal 2022, we completed the disposition of Aviation & Missile Solutions LLC within our Defense Solutions segment.For further information, see "Note 5—Acquisitions and Divestitures" in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Key Customers

The majority of our revenues are generated in the United States. Our consolidated revenues are largely attributable to prime contracts or to subcontracts with other contractors engaged in work for the U.S. government, with the remaining attributable to international customers, including the U.K. Ministry of Defence and Australian Ministry of Defence, and customers across a variety of commercial markets. Within the U.S. government, our revenues are diversified across many agencies, including various intelligence agencies, the U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force, U.S Space Force, DHS, DISA, FAA, Transportation Security Administration, CBP, DHA, VA, Department of Health and Human Services, NASA, National Science Foundation, DoE, the Environmental Protection Agency and research agencies such as Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

These customers have a number of subsidiary agencies that have separate budgets and procurement functions. Our contracts may be with the highest level of these agencies or with the subsidiary agencies of these customers.

Human Capital

Employee and Workforce Demographics

As of December 29, 2023, we employed approximately 47,000 full and part-time employees of whom approximately 41,800 are located in the United States and the remainder of which are located in 50 countries worldwide. Approximately 36% of our employees have degrees in science, technology, engineering or mathematics fields, approximately 23% of our employees have advanced degrees, 52% of our employees possess U.S. security clearances and approximately 19% of our employees are military veterans.

As of December 29, 2023, our workforce consisted of the following:

Gender of global employees(1)
Male	65	%
Female	35	%

(1) Based on employees who self-identify.

Age of global employees
Less than 30 years	15	%
30-50 years	47	%
Greater than 50 years	38	%

Ethnicity of U.S. employees(1)
White	61	%
Black	13	%
Asian/Indian	10	%
Hispanic/Latino	10	%
Other	3	%
Undisclosed	3	%

(1) Based on employees who self-identify.

Culture and Values

We have six core values that make us who we are as individuals and collectively as a company: integrity, inclusion, innovation, agility, collaboration and commitment. These values provide a roadmap for our behavior and help to guide our decisions in the workplace. They are a key component of our corporate culture and are integrated into all employees' annual performance assessments to reinforce expectations. Our practices are based on our commitment to do the right thing for our customers, our employees and our communities. Our values are demonstrated by our employees as they help our customers execute important missions on the front lines of the world’s most complex markets.

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Our policies, procedures, training and communications form a comprehensive program that promotes a culture of integrity as a foundation for employee conduct. For the sixth consecutive year, the Ethisphere Institute named Leidos one of the World's Most Ethical Companies in 2023.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion ("DEI")

Our DEI strategy and approach focus on education and best practices that enable leader accountability and shift the organization from awareness to meaningful actions.Our priorities focus on improving enterprise and senior leader representation and enhancing an inclusive culture. Leaders, managers and employees of the Company are required to take DEI training annually to recognize challenges and mitigate barriers to inclusion in the workplace.

We continue to grow and expand our employee resource groups (“ERGs”) and DEI learning resources to equip employees with the tools to develop cultural their competence across all dimensions of inclusion, enhance their personal networks, and develop leadership skills to actively shape and change workplace culture. The Enterprise Inclusion Council and group/functional level councils continue to champion DEI efforts across the enterprise and advise on the evolution of our DEI strategy. These councils are comprised of volunteers from across the business functions, ERG leaders, key stakeholders with oversight and guidance from executive leadership and a Board liaison.

Diversity in Talent Acquisition

Leidos is committed to promoting equity in our hiring practices, especially when we are seeking to fill senior level positions. Our recruiting strategy includes building a pipeline with diverse representation of candidates. Each year we attend and sponsor national conferences and local career fairs that target our key market segments and talent from historically underrepresented groups.

We leverage college campuses, military veteran resources as well as our ERGs to recruit and expand our outreach. Our college campus outreach engages talent from multiple university sources including the Leidos Strategic University Alliances, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic and other minority-serving institutions. Our military veteran outreach program attracts, retains and supports current veterans, transitioning service members and military spouses.

Career Mobility, Development and Growth

We have a strong focus on our employees’ career, flexibility and well-being. We call this Leidos Life. It is about embracing what makes Leidos great and advancing a culture that helps every employee achieve personal and professional success. Leidos Life is our commitment to make Leidos an even better place to work. Leidos empowers and challenges employees to continuously seek, share and apply new knowledge, skills and behaviors. We recognize the value of a high-performing workforce where every member of the team has an opportunity to feel motivated, valued and fulfilled, and have a purposeful and long career at Leidos. We provide resources, development, and experiential learning to enable employees to grow, including a talent marketplace where employees can fill temporary roles to develop skills or provide additional assistance. We provide leaders with the knowledge, skills and resources needed to coach employees and enable employees' career development.

We value and develop a highly-skilled future-ready workforce. We have a strong technical upskilling and reskilling program to develop and retain talent. We offer formal programs to help employees earn many industry-standard professional and technical certifications. Additionally, we offer tuition reimbursement and certification exam reimbursement to full-time employees at accredited universities.

Our Internal Mobility Program has a dedicated team that proactively focuses on the redeployment of our employees. We teach employees how to use the tools and resources available to them and help them gain visibility across the enterprise. We assist managers and recruiters in identifying internal candidates for their programs.

We conduct formal employee engagement surveys and pulse surveys to listen to employees and develop customized strategies to drive engagement, inclusion and retention across the organization.

We invest in our current and future leaders in several ways. We provide a variety of leadership development programs, targeted for each level of leader, and numerous resources for leader development. Annually, we host a two-day Leadership Summit for approximately 350 of our most senior leaders aligning business strategy and transformation initiatives, alongside emphasizing the core values of our organization.

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Through our ongoing talent planning processes, we identify and develop high-potential employees for future roles. We create succession plans for all executive-level positions as well as for other roles throughout the organization considered vital to our success. In addition, we establish development and engagement plans for top talent that may include formal training, mentoring, coaching, sponsorship and experiential learning opportunities.

Health and Workplace Safety

Our primary focus is on the health and safety of our employees, with the physical and mental well-being of our employees being top priority as one of the three pillars of Leidos Life. To support the physical and mental well-being of our employees, we provide many well-being and mental health benefits to all employees, including access to our Employee Assistance Program, Headspace, Virgin Pulse and meQuilibrium resources. These partners provide a multitude of free resources to assist employees with their mental, financial, and physical health.

We believe we are a leader in the field of occupational health and safety (“OH&S”), and we place a strong emphasis on these activities, both internally and on behalf of our customers. Internally, we emphasize direct management responsibility, corporate policies and procedures, OH&S program implementation, employee training and compliance assessments. Our corporate policies and procedures support compliance with OH&S regulations at work locations. We have a proactive compliance program of employee education, training, auditing and reporting that, through employee awareness and integration into our business operations, supports our commitment to a safe and healthy work environment.

Environmental Matters

Our operations are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations. In addition, our operations may become subject to future laws and regulations, including those related to climate change and environmental sustainability. See "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. Although we do not currently anticipate that the costs of complying with, or the liabilities associated with, environmental laws will materially and adversely affect us, we cannot ensure that we will not incur material costs or liabilities in the future.

Research and Development

We conduct research and development activities under customer-funded contracts and with company-funded research and development funds. Company-funded research and development includes independent research and development ("IR&D") and commercial and international research and development. Company-funded research and development expenses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Our company-funded research and development expense was $128 million, $116 million and $109 million for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which as a percentage of consolidated revenues was 0.8% for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021. We charge expenses for research and development activities performed under customer contracts directly to cost of revenues for those contracts.

Intellectual Property Rights

Our technical services and products are not generally dependent upon patent protection, although we do selectively seek patent protection. We claim a proprietary interest in certain of our products, software programs, methodologies and know-how. This proprietary information is protected in confidence as trade secrets, using non-disclosure and other definitive agreements. We selectively pursue opportunities to license or transfer our technologies to third parties.

In connection with the performance of services and solutions, the U.S. government has certain rights to inventions, data, software codes and related material that we develop under U.S. government-funded contracts and subcontracts. Generally, the U.S. government may disclose or license such information to third parties, including, in some instances, our competitors. In the case of some subcontracts that we perform, the prime contractor generally obtains rights to use the programs and products that we deliver under the subcontract to perform its prime contract obligations.

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Competition

Competition for contracts is significant, and we often compete against a large number of well-established corporations that may have greater name and brand recognition. We also compete against smaller, more specialized companies that concentrate their resources on particular areas, the U.S. government’s own capabilities and federal non-profit contract research centers. As a result of the diverse requirements of the U.S. government and our commercial customers, we frequently collaborate with other companies to compete for large contracts and bid against these same companies in other situations.

Our principal competitors currently include the following companies: Accenture Federal Systems, Amentum Services Inc., BAE Systems, Booz Allen Hamilton Inc., CACI International Inc., General Dynamics Corporation, IBM, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., KBR Inc., L3Harris, Lockheed Martin Corporation, ManTech, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Peraton, Raytheon Technologies Corporation and SAIC. These companies span across sectors that include engineering and technical services divisions of large defense contractors, diversified U.S. and international IT providers and contractors focused solely on technical services, supply chain management, other logistics services and major systems operations and maintenance, homeland security and health solutions.

We compete on various factors, including our technical expertise and qualified professional and/or security-cleared personnel, our ability to deliver innovative cost-effective solutions in a timely manner, successful program execution, our reputation and standing with customers, pricing, the size and geographic presence of our company and past performance credentials.

Contract Procurement

Our business is heavily regulated, and we must comply with and are affected by laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of U.S. government and other contracts. The U.S. government procurement environment has evolved due to statutory and regulatory procurement reform initiatives. Today, U.S. government customers employ several contracting methods to purchase services and products. Budgetary pressures and reforms in the procurement process have caused many U.S. government customers to increasingly purchase services and products using contracting methods that give them the ability to select multiple contract winners or pre-qualify certain contractors to provide services or products on established general terms and conditions rather than through single-award contracts. The predominant contracting methods through which U.S. government agencies procure services and products include the following:

• Definitive Award Contracts. U.S. government agencies may procure services and products through single definitive award contracts which specify the scope of services or products purchased and identify the contractor that will provide the specified services or products. When an agency has a requirement, the agency will issue a solicitation or request for proposal to which interested contractors can submit a proposal. The bidding and selection process can take a year or more to complete. For the contractor, this method of contracting may provide greater certainty of the timing and amounts to be received at the time of contract award because it generally results in the customer contracting for a specific scope of services or products from the single definitive successful awardee.

• Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity ("IDIQ") Contracts. The U.S. government uses IDIQ contracts to obtain commitments from contractors to provide certain services or products on pre-established terms and conditions. The U.S. government then issues task orders under the IDIQ contracts to purchase the specific services or products it needs. IDIQ contracts are awarded to one or more contractors following a competitive procurement process. Under a single-award IDIQ contract, all task orders under that contract are awarded to one pre-established contractor. Under a multiple-award IDIQ contract, task orders can be awarded to any of the pre-established contractors, which can result in further limited competition for the award of task orders. Multiple-award IDIQ contracts that are open for any government agency to use for procurement are commonly referred to as "government-wide acquisition contracts." IDIQ contracts often have multi-year terms and unfunded ceiling amounts, therefore enabling, but not committing, the U.S. government to purchase substantial amounts of services or products from one or more contractors. At the time an IDIQ contract is awarded (prior to the award of any task orders), a contractor may have limited or no visibility as to the ultimate amount of services or products that the U.S. government will purchase under the contract, and in the case of a multiple-award IDIQ, the contractor from which such purchases may be made.

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• U.S. General Services Administration ("GSA") Schedule Contracts. The GSA maintains listings of approved suppliers of services and products with agreed-upon prices for use throughout the U.S. government. In order for a company to provide services under a GSA Schedule contract, a company must be pre-qualified and awarded a contract by the GSA. When an agency uses a GSA Schedule contract to meet its requirements, the agency, or the GSA on behalf of the agency, conducts the procurement. The user agency, or the GSA on its behalf, evaluates the user agency’s requirements and initiates a competition limited to GSA Schedule qualified contractors. GSA Schedule contracts are designed to provide the user agency with reduced procurement time and lower procurement costs. Similar to IDIQ contracts, at the time a GSA Schedule contract is awarded, a contractor may have limited or no visibility as to the ultimate amount of services or products that the U.S. government will purchase under the contract.

• Other Transaction Authority (“OTA”) agreements. Under certain circumstances, U.S. government agencies can enter into OTA agreements instead of traditional contracts. These agreements are used for two primary purposes: (1) to carry out basic, applied or advanced research projects that typically relate to technology stimulation or research, and (2) to carry out prototype projects that are directly relevant to enhancing the mission effectiveness of military personnel and the supporting platforms, systems, components or materials proposed to be acquired or developed by the DoD, or to improve platforms, systems, components or materials in use by DoD components and agencies. OTA agreements are generally exempt from federal procurement regulations. These exemptions grant the U.S. government the flexibility to include, amend or exclude contract clauses and requirements that are mandatory in traditional procurements. OTA agreements also grant more flexibility to structure agreements in numerous ways, including joint ventures, partnerships or multiple agencies joining together to fund an agreement encompassing multiple providers.

We often partner with other companies, including our competitors, to submit bids for large U.S. government procurements or other opportunities where we believe that the combination of services and products that we can provide as a team will help us win and perform the contract. Our relationships with our partners, including whether we serve as the prime contractor or as a subcontractor, vary with each contract opportunity and typically depend on the program, contract or customer requirements, as well as the relative size, qualifications, capabilities, customer relationships and experience of our company and our partners.

Contracting with the U.S. government also subjects us to substantial regulation and unique risks, including the U.S. government’s ability to cancel any contract at any time through a termination for the convenience of the U.S. government. Most of our contracts have cancellation terms that would permit us to recover all or a portion of our incurred costs and fees for work performed where the U.S. government issues a termination for convenience. These regulations and risks are described in more detail below under "Business–Regulation" and "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Contract Types

Generally, the type of contract for our services and products is determined by or negotiated with the U.S. government and may depend on certain factors, including the type and complexity of the work to be performed, degree and timing of the responsibility to be assumed by the contractor for the costs of performance, the extent of price competition and the amount and nature of the profit incentive offered to the contractor for achieving or exceeding specified standards or goals. We generate revenues under several types of contracts, including the following:

• Cost-reimbursement contracts include cost-plus-fixed-fee, award-fee and incentive-fee contracts. These contracts provide for reimbursement of our direct contract costs and allocable indirect costs, plus a fee. These contracts are typically used when uncertainties involved in contract performance do not permit costs to be estimated with sufficient accuracy to use a fixed-price contract. Cost-reimbursement contracts generally subject us to lower risk but require us to use our best efforts to accomplish the scope of the work within a specified time and budget. Award and incentive fees are generally based on performance criteria such as cost, schedule, quality and/or technical performance. Award fees are determined and earned based on customer evaluation of the company's performance against contractual criteria. Incentive fees that are based on cost provide for an initially negotiated fee to be adjusted later, typically using a formula to measure performance against the associated criteria, based on the relationship of total allowable costs to total target costs.

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• Fixed-price-incentive-fee ("FP-IF") contracts are substantially similar to cost-plus-incentive-fee contracts except they require specified targets for cost and profit, price ceiling (but not a profit ceiling or floor) and profit adjustment formula. Under an FP-IF contract, the allowable costs incurred are eligible for reimbursement but are subject to a cost-share arrangement, which affects profitability. Generally, if our costs exceed the contract target cost or are not allowable under the applicable regulations, we may not be able to obtain reimbursement for all costs and may have our fees reduced or eliminated.

• Time-and-materials ("T&M") contracts typically provide for negotiated fixed hourly rates for specified categories of direct labor plus reimbursement of other direct costs. This type of contract is generally used when there is uncertainty about the extent or duration of the work to be performed by the contractor at the time of contract award or it is not possible to anticipate costs with any reasonable degree of confidence. On T&M contracts, we assume the risk of providing appropriately qualified staff to perform these contracts at the hourly rates set forth in the contracts over the period of performance of the contracts.

• Fixed-price-level-of-effort ("FP-LOE") contracts are substantially similar to T&M contracts except they require a specified level of effort over a stated period of time on work that can be stated only in general terms. This type of contract is generally used when the contractor is required to perform an investigation or study in a specific research and development area and to provide a report showing the results achieved based on the level of effort. Payment is based on the effort expended rather than the results achieved.

• Firm-Fixed-Price (“FFP”) contracts provide for a fixed price for specified products, systems and/or services. This type of contract is typically used when the customer acquires products and services on the basis of reasonably definitive specifications that have a determinable fair and reasonable price. These contracts offer us potential increased profits if we can complete the work at lower costs than planned, but FFP contracts increase our exposure to the risk of cost overruns.

Our earnings and profitability may vary materially depending on changes in the proportionate amount of revenues derived from each type of contract and the nature of services or products provided, as well as the achievement of performance objectives and the stage of performance at which the right to receive fees, particularly under incentive-fee and award-fee contracts, is finally determined. Cost-reimbursement and T&M contracts generally have lower profitability than FFP contracts.

Seasonality

The U.S. government's fiscal year ends on September 30 of each year. While not certain, it is not uncommon for U.S. government agencies to award extra tasks or complete other contract actions in the timeframe leading up to the end of its fiscal year in order to avoid the loss of unexpended fiscal year funds, which may favorably impact our third fiscal quarter. In addition, our quarterly results may be impacted by the number of working days in a given quarter. We tend to generate less revenue from our labor services during the fourth quarter as a result of the holiday season.

Regulation

We are heavily regulated in most of the fields in which we operate. We provide services and products to numerous U.S. government agencies and entities, including to the DoD, the U.S. Intelligence Community and the DHS. When working with these and other U.S. government agencies and entities, we must comply with various laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of contracts. Some significant laws and regulations that affect us include:

• the Federal Acquisition Regulation ("FAR") and supplements, including the DoD Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement ("DFARS"), which regulate the formation, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts;

• the Truth in Negotiations Act, which requires certification and disclosure of cost and pricing data in connection with certain contract negotiations;

• the Procurement Integrity Act, which regulates access to competitor bid and proposal information and government source selection information and our ability to provide compensation to certain former government officials;

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• the Civil False Claims Act, which provides for substantial civil penalties for violations, including for submission of a false or fraudulent claim to the U.S. government for payment or approval;

• the False Statements Act, which imposes civil and criminal liability for making false statements to the U.S. government; and

• the U.S. government Cost Accounting Standards ("CAS"), which imposes accounting requirements that govern our right to reimbursement under certain cost-based U.S. government contracts.

These regulations impose a broad range of requirements, many of which are unique to government contracting, including various procurement, import and export, security, contract pricing and cost, contract termination and adjustment and audit requirements. Among other things, these laws and regulations:

• require certification and disclosure of all cost and pricing data in connection with certain contract negotiations;

• define allowable and unallowable costs and otherwise govern our right to reimbursement under various cost-type U.S. government contracts;

• require compliance with U.S. government CAS;

• require reviews by the Defense Contract Audit Agency ("DCAA"), Defense Contract Management Agency ("DCMA") and other U.S. government agencies of compliance with government requirements for a contractor’s business systems;

• restrict the use and dissemination of and require the protection of unclassified contract-related information and information classified for national security purposes and the export of certain products and technical data; and

• require us not to compete for work if an actual or potential organizational conflict of interest, as defined by these laws and regulations, related to such work exists and/or cannot be appropriately mitigated, neutralized or avoided.

The U.S. government may revise its procurement practices or adopt new contract rules and regulations at any time. In order to help ensure compliance with these complex laws and regulations, all of our employees are required to complete ethics and other compliance trainings relevant to their position.

Data Privacy and Security Laws

Some of our operations and service offerings involve access to and use by us of personal information and/or protected health information. These activities are regulated by extensive federal, state and international data privacy and security laws requiring organizations to, among other things, provide certain privacy protections and security safeguards for such information. For example, among others:

• the European Union's ("EU’s") General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which imposes compliance obligations for companies that process personal data of EU data subjects, necessitating investment into ongoing data protection activities and documentation requirements, and creates the potential for significant fines for noncompliance;

• the United Kingdom’s (“UK’s”) General Data Protection Regulation, ("U.K. GDPR"),which creates similar compliance obligations for companies that process personal data of UK data subjects as are imposed by the GDPR;

• the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (collectively, “CCPA”), which broadly defines personal information and provides expanded consumer privacy rights to natural persons residing in California, such as affording them the right to access and request deletion of their information and to opt out of certain sharing and sales of personal information; and

• the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, which establishes privacy and security compliance obligations with respect to the processing of protected health information by covered entities and business associates, necessitating investment in technical and organizational compliance measures and creates the potential for substantial fines for noncompliance.

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These regulations and related risks are described in more detail below under "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Company Website and Information

Our corporate headquarters is located at 1750 Presidents Street, Reston, VA 20190 and our telephone number is (571) 526-6000. Our website can be accessed at www.leidos.com. The website contains information about our company and operations. Through a link on the Investor Relations section of our website, copies of each of our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q and Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, can be viewed and downloaded free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports and amendments are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including Leidos. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into and is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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